1st PUC Sociology Model Question Paper 5 with Answers

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Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Model Question Paper 5 with Answers

Time: 3 Hrs 15 Min
Max. Marks: 100

I. Answer the following in one sentences each: ( 1 × 10 = 10 )

Question 1.
Who is “Priests of humanity”?
Answer:
August Comte.

Question 2.
What is co-operation?
Answer:
The mutual co-operation between male and female is essential for the reproduction of human race and lead to the growth of culture and civilization.

Question 3.
Give an example of formal control.
Answer:
Legislation, courts, police Jail, armed force, Bureaucracy etc.

Question 4.
Mention any one form of competition.
Answer:
Social competition, economic competition etc.

Question 5.
What is primary identification?
Answer:
The personality of the child, his role and that of the mother are not probably clearly distinguished. Hence the infant and mother are merged Sigmund Freud called this stage as the stage of a primary identification.

Question 6.
What is Evolution?
Answer:
According to Morris “The notion that evolution is a movement from the simple to the complex can be and has been seriously disputed”.

Question 7.
What is coercion?
Answer:
Coercion involves the use of force or the threat of force for making the weaker party to accept the conditions of agreement.

Question 8.
What is monogamy?
Answer:
Monogamy restricts the individual to one spouse at a time under this system, at any given time a man can have one husband and women can have only one husband.

Question 9.
Who introduced the term primary groups?
Answer:
C. H. Cooley introduced the term primary groups.

Question 10.
Define Education.
Answer:
According to Durkheim “Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously.

II. Answer any ten of the following in two sentences each: ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 11.
Mention Comte’s Law of three Stages.
Answer:
The positive or scientific stage is the third stage. This is what the stage that everything based on intellectual way of thinking, looking the world. Thought this theory Comte tried to established the facts that man became more and more relational and scientific in his approach.

Question 12.
Define community.
Answer:
According to Kinsley Davis “Community is the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life”.

Question 13.
What is conflict?
Answer:
According to A. W. Green “conflict is the deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of another or others”.

Question 14.
Give two characteristics of social change.
Answer:
The two characteristics of social change are

Social change is universal .
Complex phenomenon
Social change is change in community
Social change is continuous and temporal.

Question 15.
Define development.
Answer:
According to the oxford English dictionary development means a gradual unfolding a fallen working out of details of anything it is in this sense that we often speak of the development of a child or of a disease, but the case of social development it is difficult to speak in the same way.

Question 16.
Define religion.
Answer:
According to Durkheim in his book “The elementary forms of Religious life” defines Religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things that is to say, things set apart and forbidden”.

Question 17.
Mention two demerits of observation.
Answer:

There is a danger of losing objectivity because of emotional attachments and other involvement or Ego-satisfaction.
Some phenomena cannot be observed through participation instant, an observer cannot become a criminal.

Question 18.
What are the sources of pollution?
Answer:
The sources of pollution are:

Airpollution
Water pollution
Solid pollution.

Question 19.
What is assimiliation?
Answer:
According to young and mack: “ Assimilation is the fusion or blending of two previously distinct group into one”.

Question 20.
Explain any one feature of marriage.
Answer:
Marriage is more or less a universal institution.

Question 21.
State two types of observation.
Answer:
The types of questionnaire are:

Structured: In this form of interview, there are definite, concrete and predetmined questions are framed
Unstructured : It includes a set of questions which are not structured in advances and which may be adjusted according to need during the question period.

Question 22.
State two types of sources of primary data.
Answer:
The two difference between primary and secondary data are:
Primary data:

Primary data is originally data collected by the researcher from field study
The major sources of primary data are observation, interview, questionnaire, and social survey.

Secondary data:

It is collected by the researcher from different documents
It included personal documents public documents books, periodicals, abstracts and indexes.

III. Answer any four questions in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 × 4 = 20 )

Question 23.
Explain any five characterics of institution.
Answer:
Characteristics of institution
(a) Universal : Social institution are universal in nature, they are found everywhere and at all stages of social development. There can be no society in the absence of institutions. The basic institutions such as marriage, family, property.religioin are observed even in the tribal or primitive societies.

(b) Institutions are Standardized Norms : Social institution must be understood as well recognized or standardized procedures and norms, they prescribe the way of doing thing. They also prescribe rules and regulations that are to be followed. For example – marriage, as an institution that governs the relation between the husband and wife. Similarly the school or college has its own established or standardized rules and procedures.

(c) Institutions are Controlling Mechanism: Institutions like religion, education, morality, state, government, legislation etc Control the behavior of man. These mechanisms preserve the social order and give stability to it. Institutions is the machinery through human society carries on its activities. They are like wheels on which human society marches on towards the desirable goals.

(d) Institutions are Relatively Permanent: Institutions normally do not undergo sudden or rapid changes. Changes take place gradually. Many institutions are rigid and enduring. They in course of time became the conservative element in society. Examples- caste, religion etc. But under the pressure of circumstances they also undergo changes.

(e) Abstract in Nature: Institutions are not external visible or tangible things. They are abstract. Thus marriage Cannot be kept in a museum. Religion cannot be brought to the laboratory experiments and so on. However They can be compared and evaluated on the basis of values and ideologies.

Question 24.
Write a note on the contents of culture.
Answer:
According to Robert Bierstedt “ Culture is the Complex whole that consists of everything we think and do and have as members of society.
Characteristics of culture are:

1. Culture is learnt: Culture is often understood as learned ways of behaviors. Culture is not an inborn tendency. It is acquired or learnt. It includes those learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting that are transmitted from one generation to the next. Therefore what is learned through socialization and are acquired in group life are what is called culture.

2. Culture is Social: Culture is not the property of any individual. It is the social heritage of man. It is a way of group life. It originates in and develops through social interaction. It consists of a number of behavior patterns that are common to a group of people. It is the inclusive of all expectation of the members of the groups. Thus culture is a social products shared by most of the members of the group.

3. Culture is Shared: Culture is a social property. It belongs to the group. The elements of culture such as customs beliefs, idea, folkways, mores, and language are all belonged to the people of a group. These are commonly shared by the members of a group. So culture is the product of groups life. Culture cannot be hidden and used by one individual. According to Robert Bierstadt. “Culture is something adopted, used believed, practiced or possessed by more than one person”.

4. Culture is Transmissive: Culture is the total social heritage. It is linked with the past. The past continues because it lives in culture. Culture is something that can be transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture is passed through language. Language is the chief vehicles of culture. Culture is also passed from one generation to another through traditions and customs. It is a product of human experience.

5. Culture is Relative: All societies are not uniform. Hence all culture are also not uniform. They are vary and differ from time to time and place to place. There may be common elements such as customs, mores, folkways, art forms, dietary habits, value systems, institutions, etc, may be seen everywhere culture is also related to time. It varies from time to time; Histoiy of every society is the history of change in culture from time to time.

6. Culture is Dynamic: Culture is not a static phenomena. It is a Dynamic entity. Changes in society implies changes in its culture. Culture simply means a way of life. It is nothing but a total “design for living”. Factors like inventions, problems, plans and policies etc. have a drastic effect on culture. As society changes a new way of life in evolved and adopted to adjust with the changing circumstances. Every factor that during changes in society will also being changes in the culture. Thus culture is dynamic.

7. Culture is Gratifying: Culture is the pilot of every human activity. Culture provides the necessary environment for the satisfaction of human wants. It shows the way for getting the work done. Culture determines and guides the activities of men.

8. Culture is continuous and cumulative: Culture is an growing phenomenon. It includes the glory of the past and the achievements present. Eg: Bullock carts, train, Aero planes etc., achievements. It is always cumulative.

9. Culture is Idea national: It is not merely material and non material culture. One cannot confine the culture as an objects which satisfies different goals of life. The members of society provides a psychological meanings to their own cultural traits. They attach the sentiments to their cultural elements. In this regard Herbert Spencer considers culture is neither organic, nor inorganic but it is super organic. It is commonly witnessed that people never tolerate any condemnation of their culture.

Question 25.
What do you mean by Allocative function?
Answer:
According to Durkheim “Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously.

Allocative function:The education process, with its different specialization, different levels and certification process which goes along with it, allocates the younger generation to various roles in society according to their possession of or lack of appropriate diplomas and degree, specifying particular skills, abilities and values. Thus it legitimizes the existing distribution of position of socio-economic gains and power by convincing the losers or relative loss that their failure in life is due to their failure in education, which interim is due to their lack of abilities.

Moreover, this a locative function induces greater demands for more and more education and thus contributes to the expansion of education system and increase the common people’s dependence on and subjugation to, it is that some of the so called universal goals of education in a society articulate the thinking of philosophers and social reformers of the times.

Question 26.
Discuss the role of interview method in data collection.
Answer:
According to Good and Halt “Interview is funddamently a Process of social interaction.”

Merits of structured Interview:

It provides safe basis for the generalization
In this method, interview’s bias can be restricted
It is more methodical and easy to administer.

Demerits.

The rigid and mechanical process, sometimes defeat the purpose of interview. It lacks the flexible nature and personal touch in interview
In this method, there is a possibility that substances of interview obtain less importance than formal process and set up.

Unstructured (Oral) Interview: It is not rigid type of interview. In this method, there is flexibility in the entire process of interview. The interview has greater freedom to choose the form depending on situations. The flexibility nature of interview allows the interview to ask number, sequence, and method of questions according to requirements of situations.

Merits of Unstructured Interview

The informal nature of interview creates a congenial atmosphere for effective communication.
In a highly society of India, the formal set up interview imposes serve limitations on interview. Unstructured interview is the only remedy for this problem.

Demerits of Unstructured Interview
w The informal nature of interview provides respondents to answer differently, this is difficult in analysis of data.
w To administer this type of interview, well trained and skilled persons are required, w The more number of personal bias and prejudices may be the part of this method.

Merits of Interview method

It is possible to obtain highly reliable information and in depth knowledge.
It is possible to obtain information about the past and also about future plans in a detailed manner.
There is a high rate of response
Interview method can be used with all types of persons.

Demerits of Interview method

There is a possibility of misleading information being given by the interview
There can be defects due to the interview who may not be the best person to give information
There can be defects due to the bias or prejudice of the interview himself, interview is a difficult skill and needs training
It is a costly and time-consuming method.

Question 27.
What is social processes? Explain.
Answer:
The society is a system of social relationship. We may witness such relationship between fateher and son, employer and employee, teacher and student, merchant and customer, leader and follower or between friends and enemies, between children etc., socialization must analyse and classify social relationship because they represent social fact and social data.

Social relationship reprsents the functional aspects of society. Analyzing and classifying social relationship is a difficult task. Social relationship involve reciprocal obligations. It refers to a pattern of interaction between these individuals thus social relationships may be studied by the kind or mode of interaction. It exhibit kinds of interaction are called social processes. Social processes are the fundamental ways in which men interact and establish relationships.

According to Maclver and Page:” Social processes is the manner in which the relationship of the members of a group, once brought together, acquire a distinctive character”

According to A. W. Green: The social processes are merely the characteristics ways in which interaction occurs”.

Types of Social processes: Social processes refers to the kinds or types of social interaction. Social interaction assumes different forms, cooperation, competition, conflict, accommodation and assimilation are very necessary social interaction. These five types social interaction or social processes may be deeply analyzed here.

Question 28.
Explain the characteristics of marriage.
Answer:
The characteristics of marriage are:
1. Marriage is more or less a universal institutional: It is found among the pre-literate as well as literate people. It is enforced as a social rule in some of the societies. For example. In Japan celibacy is publicly condemned. In Korea, unmarried individual are called ‘Half’ persons. Among the Hindus, marriage is a sacrament which is regarded as more or less obligatory. The Todas of Nilagiri refuse to perform funeral rites for a girl if she dies before her marriage. But they do perform it after completing some sort of marriage ceremony for the corpse. According to the Chinese philosopher Confucius, an individual who remains unmarried throughout his life commits a crime.

2. Relationship between Man and Woman: Marriage is a union of man and woman. It indicates a relationship between one or more men to one or more women. Who should marry whom? One should marry how many? Are the questions which represent social rules regarding marriage differ significantly.

3. Marital bond is relatively durable: Marriage indicates a long lasting bond between the husband and wife. Hence, it is not co-extensive with sex life. It excludes relationships with prostitutes or any other sexual relationship which is viewed as casual and not sanctioned by custom, law or church. Marital relationship between man and women lasts even after the sexual satisfaction is obtained.

4. Marriage requires social approval: A union of man and .,..mn becomes a marital baond only when the society gives its approval. When marriage is given the hallmark of social approval, it becomes a legal contract.

5. Marriage is associated with some civil or religious ceremony: Marriage gets its social recognition through some ceremony. This ceremony may have its own rites, rituals, customs, formalities, etc, it means marriage has to be concluded in public and in a solemn manner. Sometimes as s sacrament it receives the blessing of religion. Marriage among the Hindus, for examples, is regarded as a sacrament. It is connected with the sacred rituals such as- Vagdana. Homa, Kanyadana, Magalia Dharana, Saptapadi, Ashmarohana, etc.

6. Marriage creates mutual obligations: Marriage imposes certain rights and duties on both the husband and wife. Both are required to support each other and their children.

IV. Answer any four questions in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 × 4 = 20 )

Question 29.
Explain the characteristics of folkways.
Answer:
The term folkways was introduced to the sociological literature by W.GSummer in his book with the little “Folkways” published in 1906. the word literately means “The ways of the floor people”. Folkways are the accepted ways of behavior.
(a) Social in nature : Folkways are the product of man’s group life, they are created by the groups for their sustenance and maintenance. Individuals get social recognition by conforming to the folkways. Every new generation absorbs folkways partly by deliberate teaching but mainly by observing and talking part in life about them.

(b) Unplanned origin: The Origin of folkways are very obscure. Sumner believed that they arise automatically and unconsciously, they are not result of any advance planning.

(c) Informal Enforcement: Folkways are not as compulsive and obligatory as those of laws or morals. Conformity to the folkways is neither required by law nor enforced by any special agency of the society.

(d) Folkways are Innumerable: It is not possible for anyone to enlist all the folkways, no encyclopedia could contain all the folkways observed by all of the people of history, they are very diverse and numerous.

(e) Folkways are subject to change: Folkways are not static, but dynamic, folkways are change with changing social conditions, some folkways undergo relatively rapid change, some are resist change very often.

Question 30.
Briefly explain the types of Education.
Answer:
According to Durkheim “Education as the socialization of the younger generation and it is a continuous efforts to impose on the child ways of seeing feeling and acting which he could not have arrived at spontaneously.

The types of Education:Education is a process, as a process, education is a continuous activity that goes on all through one’s life-from birth to death. This process of humanizing man, developing his personality, transmitting culture from one generation to other, a Spontaneous unfolding of human potentialities, is carried on in all social institutions like religion, peer grouped, neighborhood, family and community etc.

on the other hand, what takes place in schools and colleges, the methodical socialization, designed instruction and interaction between socialize and the socializing agent for the education and the educator is what is called formal education. A brief description of types of education as follows:

1. Informal education: It simply denotes the in deliberate, spontaneous, life long process of learning continuously and universally emanating from all most all social institutions. The process of informal training begins for everyone of us in the family.

Family is the first school and the mother is the first teacher is the dictum that sufficiently explains the role of informal education in molding human nature and personality. “Peer Groups” means those groups made up of the age mates or contemporaries of the child, his associates in playground, neighborhood etc.,

2. Formal education: On the other hand is designed, consciously and deliberately given with a planned pursuit what takes place within the four walls of the school, strictly officially in accordance with the curriculum is format instruction. Time table, syllabi, specialized and compartmentalized knowledge, authority pattern, official structure, by laws, disciplines, hierarchy of teachers and class grades, examination system all reflects the formal design of the school and colleges. As it is with the modem social structure characterized by formal institution? and relations in performing economic, industrial, legal and political regulative functions.

Question 31.
Discuss the types of interview.
Answer:
Interview
The very term implies “Interviewing is an interactional process, it is a mutual view of each other.

Structured Interview: It has predetermined questions and standard techniques. The number of questions is also fixed. In this method of interview, number and nature of questions, order of asking them, wording of questions, recording system and everything in the interview process is standardized.

Merits of structured Interview:

It provides safe basis for the generalization
In this method, interview’s bias can be restricted
It is more methodical and easy to administer.

Demerits.

The rigid and mechanical process, sometimes defeat the purpose of interview. It lacks the flexible nature and personal touch in interview
In this method, there is a possibility that substances of interview obtain less importance than formal process and set up.

Merits of Unstructured Interview
The informal nature of interview creates a congenial atmosphere for effective communication
In a highly society of India, the formal set up interview imposes serve limitations on interview. Unstructured interview is the only remedy for this problem

Demerits of Unstructured Interview

The informal nature of interview provides respondents to answer differently, this is difficult in analysis of data
To administer this type of interview, well trained and skilled persons are required
The more number of personal bias and prejudices may be the part of this method.

Question 32.
Explain the three processes brought changes in cultural factor.
Answer:
Man is a social human being. Also man is a cultural being, the term society itself express that, it is a cultural phenomenon. Without culture it is difficult to understand social life.

Mainly three process can be observed which bring change:

Discovery: discovery is the perception which unfold a reality that already exists, for egg. Vasco- D-Gama discovered way to India by sea.
Invention: invention is use of existing knowledge to produce something that did not exist before
Diffusion: diffusion is the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another. For egg. Western culture is spreading in east. Buddhism and its culture spread in China and Sri Lanka.

Question 33.
Discuss the role of mass-media in socialization.
Answer:
The Mass Media: The print and audio-visual means of communication have a great role to play in child’s socialization. Newspaper, magazine, text books, television etc., play a lucid role in transmitting culture from one generation to the other. The state may also use them deliberately to educate the mass. They may be used purposively to change the value system.

In tradition and simple societies the agencies of socialization are limited and harmonious in influencing the personality of the individual. In complex societies, however, they are many and diverse agencies, at time working at cross purposes.

Question 34.
What do you know about Acid Rain?
Answer:
Acid rain means factories and vehicles excrete sulphur, nitrogen oxide. These remain the environment for longtime. By chemical and photo chemical reactions, sulphuric acid and nitric acid are formed and combines with water vapor in the environment.

One country’s waste will be result in another countries acid rain. For example waste from factories and vehicles in India reaches environment and sulphur, corbondioxide will causes acid rain in Pakistan and China.

Acid rain refers to the ways in which acid form the atmosphere is deposited on the earth’s surface. Polluted things like sulphur, oxides and nitrogen oxides, coal, petroleum based coal then burn the smoke contributes to acid rain. Idol/ marbles will be leached because of acid rain. Leaves in the forests will be’dropped down. Acid rain when they falls on the leaves destroys it.

V. Answer any two of the following in thirty to forty sentences each: ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 35.
Describe the importance of Observation method in data collection?
Answer:
The importance of Observation method in data collection are:

It is possible to observe the natural behavior of the group because the observer is not stranger.
It is possible to gather quantitatively more and quantitatively better information.
It is possible to get better insights into the phenomena because the observer is an insider.
It is possible to observe secrete behavior.
It is possible to retain a high level of objectivity.
A non-participant observer is able to collect considerable information because of his open role as an observer and his eagerness to learn
It is possible to record behavior as it occurs, without any distortions. This gives highly qualitative data.
Observation is a flexible method of data collection
It is in dependent of people’s willingness to report.

Question 36.
Discuss the techniques of data collection in social research.
Answer:
The techniques of data collection are:
Observation is a regulated perception of facts and circumstances with a definite purpose in view

There are two types of observation on the basis of different criteria:

1. Controlled and Uncontrolled observation: Controlled observation implies the use of various tools and instruments to control one or more variable. It usually takes place in a laboratory. Uncontrolled observation is also called unaided observation because it is made in the natural environment without exercising any controls on the phenomena observed.

2. Participant and Non-Participant Observation: The Participant observation method focus on observer or researcher participants in the social phenomena under study. Whereas in Non-participant observation or researcher does not participate, is a loaf and observes the life and activities of the group in a passive manner.

Merits of participant Observation

It is possible to observe the natural behavior of the group because the observer is not stranger.
It is possible to gather quantitatively more and quantitatively better information.
It is possible to get better insights into the phenomena because the observer is an insider.
It is possible to observe secrete behavior.

Demerits.

There is a danger objectives because of emotional attachment and over-involment or ego- satisfaction
Some phenomena cannot be observed through participation. For instance, an observer cannot become a criminal.

Merits of Non-Participant Observation

It is possible to retain a high level of objectivity.
A non-participant observer is able to collect considerable information because of his open role as an observer and his eagerness to learn.

Demerits

It is not possible to get information on many aspects of life and activities because observation is limited to formal occasions and organizations.
It is not possible to gain insights into many aspects of behavior because the observer is an outsider.

Merits and limitation of Observation
Merits

It is possible to record behavior as it occurs, without any distortions. This gives highly qualitative data.
Observation is a flexible method of data collection
It is independent of people’s willingness to report.

Limitations

Data.collected through observation cannot be quantified
There is a danger of bias, especially hidden bias.
Observation cannot be used to study private behavior
Observation is limited by the duration of the event.

Interview
The very term implies “Interviewing is an interactional process, it is a mutual view of each other.
Structured Interview : has predetermined questions and standard techniques. The number of questions is also fixed. In this method of interview, number and nature of questions, order of asking them, wording of questions, recording system and everything in the interview process is standardized.

Merits of structured Interview:

It provides safe basis for the generalization ,
In this method, interview’s bias can be restricted
It is more methodical and easy to administer.

Demerits.

The rigid and mechanical process, sometimes defeat the purpose of interview. It lacks the flexible nature and personal touch in interview
In this method, there is a possibility that substances of interview obtain less importance than formal process and set up.

Merits of Unstructured Interview

The informal nature of interview creates a congenial atmosphere for effective communication.
In a highly society of India, the formal set up interview imposes serve limitations on interview. Unstructured interview is the only remedy for this problem.

Demerits of Unstructured Interview

The informal nature of interview provides respondents to answer differently, this is difficult in analysis of data.
To administer this type of interview, well trained and skilled persons are required.
The more number of personal bias and prejudices may be the part of this method.

Merits of Interview method

It is possible to obtain highly reliable information and in depth knowledge
It is possible to obtain information about the past and also about future plans in a detailed manner.
There is a high rate of response
Interview method can be used with all types of persons.

Demerits of Interview method

There is a possibility of misleading information being given by the interview
There can be defects due to the interview who may not be the best person to give information
There can be defects due to the bias or prejudice of the interview himself, interview is a- difficult skill and needs training
It is a costly and time-consuming method.

Question 37.
Define Education and Explain the process of Education.
Answer:
The educational system tries to embrace almost all people where they are young and equip them with at least the minimum skills of literacy and numeracy education.
Following are the important functions of Education.

1. Preservation function: As the transmission of culture is needed for the preservation of social order, it is also called the preservation function of education. Social structure persists only with the aid certain values and these values have to be handed down to the next generation. When the values and skills become absolute with the passage of time replacing ‘ them with new vistas is also a major function of education. With the growth of modern economy and the complexity of socio-economic structure.

This is usually achieved through the political and administrative apparatus. The knowledge, skill and values acquired through education not only meet the economic needs of society, but also permeated with a social ‘content corresponding to the existing socio-economic and political structure and the consequent social stratification and distribution of power in society.

2. A locative function: The education process, with its’different specialization, different levels and certification process which goes along with it, allocates the younger generation to various roles in society according to their possession of or lack of appropriate diplomas and degree, specifying particular skills, abilities and values. Thus it legitimizes the existing distribution of position of socio-economic gains and power by convincing the losers or relative loss that their failure in life is due to their failure in education, which interim is due to their lack of abilities.

3. Reformative function: Education is of fundamental significance to the development and progress of human society. Although education as a process of socialization. Education has also the capacity to liberate the human mind from shackles of the pass and the present. It has the potential to make men question the ruling values and norms in society, to make them rebel-against the existing social constraints and to solutions to the developed social contradiction and constraints outside the frame work of he established system. This we call the transformative, progressive or reformative function of education.

The American sociologists Bowles and Gintis argues that the major role of education in modem world is the reproduction of labor power. The education system helps to achieve these objectives . largely through the hidden curriculum. It is not the content of lessons and the examinations that pupils take which are important, but the form that teaching and learning take and the way that schools are organized. The hidden curriculum consists of those things that pupils learn through the experience of attending school, rather than the stated educational objectives of such institutions.

According to Bowles and Gintis, the hidden curriculum shapes the future workforce in the following ways:

1. it helps to produce a subservient workforce of uncritical, passive and docile workers. Far from living up to liberal ideal of encouraging self-development.

2. Bowles and Gintis claim that the hidden curriculum encourages an acceptance of hierarchy. Schools are organized on a hierarchical principle of authority and control.

3. At school, pupils learn to be motivated by external rewards, just as the workforce in a capitalist society is motivated by external rewards. Because students have so little control over, and little feeling of involment in, their school work, they get little satisfaction from studying.

Question 38.
Describe the factors that resist social change.
Answer:
Ogburn and Nimkoff says that sometimes “Boon to society is also opposed”

The factors for resistance are:

1. Inadequacy of invention: For one or the other reason. People may or may not show interest in inventions. Some time the innovatory fails to convince the community. Inventions do not impress community life or are needful by that perfect of time.

1. Fear: Men in general are happy with present. People always feel that new disturbs or may bring new problems. When Thomas Edison invented electric bulb, exhibition of illuminating electric bulb was arranged, immediately when electric bulb illuminated, people ran away with fear. Earlier people did not show interest in photography.

2. Ignorance: Education and training make him intelligent. Even though man is ignorant about new. Before he is given proper knowledge his ignorance make him to resist. Secondly some men do not even learn to live. They are happy with their ignorance. America took generations to learn use of iron plough. Material change and its resistances is temporary. For example Mahatma Gandhiji and his efforts are still in process to bring “non alcoholic society”.

3. Habit: Man develops his personality thorough socialization. Once developed Personality cannot be changed easily. Personality is a complex whole of many habits. Habits force man to follow traditions. Habits influence our thoughts and dialylife.. people hesitate to accept new rules and regulations in society.

4. Vested Interests: Vested Interest are selfish groups who want statuesque. Most social changes carry a threat to some vested interests. Land Reform Act in India brought change. But such change and legislative reformations were opposed by land lords. Orthodox society is always in fear of losing its interests, it opposes inter caste marriage.

5. Economic Costs: Money play important role in adopting social change. For example to implement five year planning Indian government invested money. In recent tears cost of planning is raising. Some of the welfare measures like education, health, housing are lagging behind.

6. Lack of an integrated approach: Society is combination of different parts, for example religion, education, government are in social system only. Change in one element brings ehange in another part also. When we want to bring change in religion it is necessary to bring change in education system also. To eradicate blind belief or evil practices all other conditions in prevailing society should be changed

7. Technical difficulties in implementation:Looking to new technical innovations, society adopt its life style. Community many times accepts technical changes immediately, but does not accept some time. Technical devices should be restructured or they are not suitable to the conditions, hence there is hindrance in acceptance.

8. Intellectual Laziness: Creativity drive the attention immediately. Lack of creativity in man does not accept new. Active men agree to modem condition. Lazy do not. To understand the importance of new one must show interest in it. when there is lack of interest and do not pay attention, it is difficult to make men to change themselves.

9. Desire for stability: Society and its functions go smooth with required stability. Individuals ire safe in stable society. Change disturbs the balance in present society. Often change brings insecurity to people in society. Common men feel

no guarantee in new social system, and
new things may bring pain.
Pleasure and comforts may not exists in new
wants to maintain present status.

Therefore, members in stable conditions do not accept change. Desire for stability is guard against change.

VI. Answer any two of the following in fifteen sentences each: ( 5 × 2 = 10 )

Question 39.
Explain the concept of Social Research.
Answer:
Report Writing in final stage in Social Research process. It consists in communicating the finding of the study or investigation to others. There are different types of report, report to . general public is simple clear and interesting. Report meant to organizers, it is detailed. A report meant for scientific community must be technical.

A good report should be clear and accurate, it will not have any confusion. It should explain objectives of the study and comprehensive report must be properly organized with suitable arrangement and systematic presentation. It should be ethically neutral. It should not consist personal bias and prejudices. Report should have suitable writing style and attractive presentation. It should be always prepared according to the objectives of the study.

Report has no standard outline. But is should included a clear statement of the problem, information on finding and conclusions. In the preliminary of the report, there should be a Title page, preface or foreword, acknowledgements, methodology adopted, list or graphs, illustrations, tables, charts it should have table of contents.

The contents of the report should have an introduction, which explains objectives of the study, statements of the problem and its definition, hypothesis, definitions of concepts, review of literature and previous studies, scope, time and place of present study assumptions and limitations.

Finally, report should included reference materials also. It includes Bibliography, appendices, glossary of terms and index, certain format is followed in giving bibliography.

Generally authors name, year of publication, name of the book, referred page numbers, address of publisher is provided in reference. All these aspects of report, explain relevance of the study.

Question 40.
What is the role of individual and society in environment protection?
Answer:
The role of individual and society in environment pollution
Environment pollution is the Global problem caused by the modem industrial society, it’s a primary duty of every governments and sensible civilians:

To bring out the policies of environment and industries which are coordinate to environment protection
To control the uncontrolled urbanization and un-scientific urbanization through good city planning.
The water from the factories and domestic usage must be processed and let to rivers and sea.
Prohibit the plastic use, inorganic waste things must be processed in for away places and can made to re-use
To establish separate dust bins to dry and raw wastes to help the public
Environment protection must be a main agenda for the public
Each and every one of the workers belt, with collars, and everyone must feel that the protection of environment is their first duty.
The researches about the environment protection must be encouraged through funding
All the projects regarding the Environment Protection must be implemented duly and succeed.
Use toilets must be mandatory
Bringing awareness in the public regarding the side effects of pesticides ahd the medicines.
To encourage organic agriculture.

The government and private organizations role in India’s environment protection is important. In 1969 on the request by the Government of India for the protection of nature a fund for the nature protection is established. In 1980 Environment department and in 1983 environment, forestry and wild life departments are established.

Question 41.
What is social groups? Explain its characteristics.
Answer:
According to Marshall Jones is of the opinion that a social group is two or more people between whom there is an established patter of interaction”.

Characteristics of social group:

1. Collection of Interacting Individuals: Social groups consists of people. Social interaction is the very basis of group life, mere collection of individual does not make a group. The members must have interaction. A social group is, in fact, a system of social interaction. Different interaction patterns exists in different groups such as family, friendship, and recreational associations etc.

2. Sense of Group Unity and Solidarity: Depending on the nature of the group, its members are tied together by a sense of unity. The solidarity or unity of a group is largely dependent upon the frequency, the variety, and the emotional quality of the interactions of its members. A friends group or a peer group, or a professional association is highly united because its members are related by several common interests.

3. Group Goals and Interests: The interest and goal of a group are said to be common. Groups are mostly formed or established for the fulfillment of certain interests. In fact, men not join groups but also form groups for the realization of their objectives or interests. Forms of the group differ depending upon the interests of the groups, educational groups, professional groups, recreational groups and so on. ,

4. Groups are Stronger Than Their Individual Members:
A group is more than the sum of its parts. As Durkheim noted a group has a reality of its own or “suigeneris”. For example, the age and size of a group are not simple derived from the ages and sizes of its members. As Wallace and Wallace have pointed out. “Groups generally stronger collectively than even the strongest individual members”.

5. Group Norms: Every group has its own rules or norms which the members are supposed to follow. These norms may be in the form of customs, folkways, mores, traditions, conventions, laws tec. They may be written or unwritten norms or standards. Every group has its own ways and means of correcting those who go against the rules. The continued groups-life of man practically becomes impossible without some norms.

6. Size of the Group: Every group involves an idea of size. Social groups vary in size. A group may be small as that of a dyad as big as that of a political party having lakhs of members. Size will have its own impact on the character of the group. Membership is limited or unlimited depending on its purpose.

7. Groups are Dynamic: Social groups are but dynamic. They are subject to changes whether slow or rapid. Old members die and new members are born. Some existing groups may disintegrate and new groups may come to be formed. Small groups may develop into gigantic groups, and the larger ones may shrink in size.

8. Degree of stability: Groups are formed to be stable or unstable: permanent or temporary in character. Some groups like, the crowd, mob, audience, spectators, group etc. are purely temporary and unstable. But many groups such as political parties, students union professional organizations and trade unions are relatively permanent and stable in character.

Question 42.
Define culture and discuss its chief characteristics.
Answer:
According to Robert Bierstedt “ Culture is the Complex whole that consists of everything we think and do and have as members of society.
Characteristics of culture are:

5. Culture is Relative: All societies are not uniform. Hence all culture are also not uniform. They are vary and differ from time to time and place to place. There may be common elements such as customs, mores, folkways, art forms, dietary habits, value systems, institutions etc,, may be seen everywhere culture is also related to time. It varies from time to time. History of every society is the history of change in culture from time to time.

6. Culture is Dynamic: Culture is not a static phenomena. It is a Dynamic entity. Changes in society implies changes in its culture. Culture simply means away of life. It is nothing but a total “design for living”. Factors like inventions, problems, plans and policies etc. have a drastic effect on culture. As society changes a new way of life in evolved and adopted to adjust with the changing circumstances. Every factor that during changes in society will also being changes in the culture. Thus culture is dynamic.

8. Culture is continuous and cumulative:Culture is an growing phenomenon. It includes the glory of the past and the achievements present. Eg: Bullock carts, train, Aero planes etc., achievements. It is always cumulative.